Women’s Hormone Therapy Reference Articles

Click to read the medical study on dosing testosterone pellets

  • Ackerman, MD, Lindsey S. Sex Hormones and the Genesis of Autoimmunity. The Journal of the American Medical Association. March 22, 2006. Vol. 295, No. 12.
  • ACOG: Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Androgen Treatment of Decreased Libido. Committee Opinion. Number 244: November 2000.
  • Akhrass, Firas, et al. Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Associated with Less Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (2003): 5611-5614.
  • Alexander, MD, FABPN, FRCPC, Jeanne Leventhal, and Kotz, PhD, MPH, Krista. Libido/sexuality and the menopause. Menopause and Sexuality: The Impact of Hormones. Page 11-15. August 2003.
  • Alexander, MD, FABPN, FRCPC, Jeanne Leventhal, et al. The Systemic Nature of Sexual Functioning in the Postmenopausal Woman: Crossroads of Psychiatry and Gynecology. Primary Psychiatry. Dec 2003: 53-57.
  • American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Menopause and Sexual Health: The role of testosterone. OBG Management. March 2005 Supplement.
  • American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Sexuality, Reproduction, and Menopause. 2.4 (December 2004).
  • Amory, John K., et al. Exogenous Testosterone or Testosterone with Finasteride Increases Bone Mineral Density in Older Men with Low Serum Testosterone. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (2004): 503-510.
  • Anawalt, MD, Bradley D. Androgens in Primary Care. Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgens in Health and Disease. Ed. C. Bagatell and W.J. Bremner. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2001.
  • Ansell, MD, Benjamin J. The metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Contemporary OB/GYN. May 2003: 77+.
  • Archer, David F. Estradiol gel: A new option in hormone replacement therapy. OBG Management. September 2004. Page 46-64
  • Archer, MD, David F. Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Issues in Counseling Women. Menopausal Medicine. Vol. 13, No. 3. Winter 2005-2005. Page 5-11.
  • Bachmann, MD, et al. Female Androgen Insufficiency. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, 2002. Page 660-665.
  • Bachmann, MD, Gloria A. Stratagies for recognition and management of sexual dysfunction in menopausal women. Contemporary OB/GYN, September 2004. Page 4-25.
  • Barlow, et al. Long-Term Hormone Implant Therapy-Hormonal and Clinical Effects. Obstetrics & Gynecology Vol. 67, No. 3, March 1986. Page 321-325.
  • Bellevue Pharmacy Solutions. Testosterone Options For Women.
  • Bikman, Benjamin T., et al. Mechanism for Improved Insulin Sensitivity after Gastric Bypass Surgery. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. December 2008. Page 4656-4661.
  • Bondy, MD, Carolyn A. Androgens and Breast Cancer Risk. Menopause Management. March/April 2005. Page 33-35.
  • Bourgain, C., et al. Effects of natural progesterone on the morphology of the endometrium in patients with primary ovarian failure. College Pharmacy Thechnical Bulletin, Vol. 1, No.8, November 15, 2003.
  • Braunstein, MD, Glenn, D. Androgen insufficiency in women: summary of critical issues. Fertility and Serility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S94-99.
  • Brincat, et al. Subcutaneous Hormone Implants For The Control Of Climacteric Symptoms. The Lancet. January 7, 1984. Page 16-18.
  • British Medical Journal. Volume 294, 936-937. April 1987. Effects of combined implants of oestradiol and testosterone on libido in postmenopausal women.
  • Bruining, MD, Kersti. Managing migraine: A women’s health issue. Sexuality, Reproduction, & Menopause. Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2004. Page 209-212.
  • Bulun, MD, Serdar E. Clinical Researcher Perspective. Endocrine News. November 2009. Page 16.
  • Burger, MD, Henry, G. Androgen production in women. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S3-5.
  • Buster, MD, John E., Aging, androgens, and female sexual desire: Can we restore what time takes away? Sexuality, Reproduction, and Menopause. 3.1 (May 2005): 3-17.
  • Buster, MD, John E. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women: hormonal aspects. OBG Management. March 2005. Page 10-14.
  • Buster, et al. Testosterone Patch for Low Sexual Desire in Surgically Menopausal Women: A Randomized Trial. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Vol. 105, No. 5, Part 1, May 2005. Page 944-952.
  • Buysse, MD, Daniel J., Anne Germain, PhD, and Douglas E. Moul, MD, MPH. Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Consequences of Insomnia. Primary Psychiatry. Aug. 2005: 37-50.
  • Cardozo, et al. The effects of subcutaneous hormone implants during the climacteric. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984. Page 177-184.
  • Carr, Molly C. The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003. Page 2404.
  • Chappell, PhD, Mark C., et al. Differential Effects of Sex Steroids in Young and Aged Female mRen2.Lewis Rats: A Model of Estrogen and Sat-Sensitive Hypertension. Gender Medicine. Vol. 5, Suppl. A, 2009. Page S65-S66.
  • Cintolot, Rebekah. Letrozole reduced distant recurrence in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Endocrine Today. Page 34.
  • College Pharmacy. Hormones & Breast Cancer.
  • Contemporary OB/GYN. Common questions about blood clotting disorders. October 2002. Page 79-80.
  • Davison, et al. Androgen Levels in Adult Females: Changes with Age, Menopause, and Oophorectomy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90(7). 2005. Page 3847-3853.
  • Davis, Susan R. Androgens and Female Sexuality. Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine.
  • Davis, Susan R., et al. Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Muturitas Journal of the Climacteric & Postmenopause. 1995. Page 227-236.
  • Diagnostics Today. Taking the Confusion Out of Thyroid Testing.
  • Dimitrakakis, MD, Constantine; Zhou, MD, Jian; and Bondy, MD, Carolyn A. Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia. Fertility and Sterility. Vol. 77. No. 4, Suppl 4, April 2002. Page S26-31.
  • Discovery Institute of Medical Education. The Safety Of Testosterone In Women. Contemporary OB/GYN. September 2004: 22-26.
  • Dott, MD, MPH, Andrew. Testosterone Pellets. European Menopause and Andropause Society.
  • Elfstrom, Peter; et al. Risk of Thyroid Disease in individuals with Celiac Disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. October 2008, page 3915.
  • Endocrine News. Androgen Deficiency and the metabolic Syndrom. March 2006. Page 7.
  • Endocrine News. Reduced Ovarian Function and Bone Loss. May 2001. Page 6. November 2006. Page 54.
  • Endocrine Today. Letrozole prevents breast cancer recurrence and metastases.
  • Endocrine Today. Testosterone plays an important role in women’s health and quality of life. July 2006. Page 56.
  • Estroven Products. What is Estroven?
  • Evans, Jeff. Study Shows Dry Eyes a Problem in Pregnancy.
  • Farish, E., et al. The effects of hormone implants on serum lipoproteins and steroid hormones in bilaterally oophorectomised women. Acta Endocrinologica, 1984, 106: 116-120.
  • Fenichel, MD, Rebecca, and Davies, MD, Terry F. When should you screen for and treat mild hypothyroidism. Contemporary OB/GYN. January 2006. Page 46-53.
  • Fodera, PharmD, Susan M. The Use of Endocrine Therapy in the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer. Continuing Medical Education. September 1, 2004.
  • Freeman, Sarah B. Menopause without HRT: complementary therapies. Contemporary Nurse Practitioner. Page 40-49.
  • Garcia, MD, Clarisa R, et al. Hormones and Sexuality During Transition to Menopause. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Vol. 109, No. 4, April 2007. Page 831-832.
  • Geer, MD, Eliza B., and Shen, MD, Wei. Gender Differences in Insulin Resistance, Body Composition. Gender Medicine. Vol. 6, Theme Issue, 2009.
  • Genazzani, MD, PhD, Andrea Riccardo, et al. Women’s sexuality after menopause: What role for androgens? Sexuality, Reproduction, & Menopause. Vol. 2 No. 4, December 2004. Page 204-208.
  • Gender Medicine. Susceptibility to Dermatologic Diseases Due to Gender Differences in Human Skin Physiology. Page 310.
  • Granberg, S., et al. The effects of oral estriol on the endometrium in postmenopausal women. College Pharmacy Technical Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 7, October 15, 2003.
  • Green, Ian. Venous Thromboembolism and Anticoagulant Therapy in Pregnancy. Gender Medicine Vol. 2, Suppl. A, 2005. Page S10-17.
  • Greenblatt, M.D., Robert B., and Suran, M.D., Roland R. Indications For Hormonal Pellets In The Therapy Of Endocrine And Gynecic Disorders. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 57, 1949. Page 294-301.
  • Gorman, Christine, and Park, Alice. The New Science of Headaches. Time Magazine. Page 76-82. October 2002.
  • Goldstein, MD, Steven R. Estrogen deficiency during menopause. OBG Management. May 2005. Page S1-S12.
  • Guzick, MD, PhD, David S. Can Postmenopausal Women Patch Up Their Sex Lives With Testosterone? The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Vol. 105, No. 5, Part 1, May 2005. Page 938.
  • Haigh, Christen. Abnormal IR can precipitate pathological conditions. Endocrine today. January 2008. Page 32.
  • Haiken, Melanie. Et al. Why do I fell so premenstrual, lethargic, moody, tired, depressed, forgetful, fat, bloated? It could be your thyroid. Health. June 2006. Page 102-107.
  • Hall, Susan A., et al. Correlates of Low Testosterone and Syptomatic Androgen Deficency in a Population-Based Sample. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. October 2008. Page 3870-3877.
  • Hamilton, Thomas E., et al. Thyrotropin Levels in a Population with No Clinical, Autoantibody, or Ultrasonographic Evidence of Thyroid Disease: Implications for the Diagnosis of Subclinical Hypothyroidism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 2008. Page 1224-1230.
  • Hoeger, Kathleen M. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Inflammation, and Statins: Do We Have the Right Target? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, January 2009, 94(1). Page 35-37.
  • Holland, et al. The Effects of 25-mg Percutaneous Estradiol Implants on the Bone Mass of Postmenopausal Women. Obstetrics & Gynecology Vol. 83, No. 1, January 1994. Page 43-46.
  • Hollingsworth, MD, Margarita, and Berman, MD, Jennifer. The role of androgens in female sexual dysfunction. Sexuality, Reproduction, & Menopause. Vol. 4, No. 1, May 2006.
  • Honma, Naoko; et al. Estrogen-Metabolizing Enzymes in Breast Cancer from Women over the Age of 80 years. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. Page 607-613.
  • Hudson, ND, Tori. Essential Fatty Acids. The Female Patient. Vol. 27. April 2002. Page 31-35.
  • Hugo, Eric R., et al. Prolactin Release by Adipose Explants, Primary Adipocytes, and LS14 Adipocytes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. October 2008, 93(10). Page 4006-4012.
  • International Journal of Dermatology. Treatment of aging skin with topicl estrogens (paraphrased). September 1996. Page 25.
  • Jacobs, H. S., et al. Plasma hormone profiles in post-menopausal women before and during oestogen therapy. British Journal of Obstertics and Gynaecology, Vol. 84. April 1977. Page 314.
  • Jancin, Bruce. Study: HT Cuts Breast Cancer Mortality 47%. ObGynNews. January 15, 2009. Page 3.
  • Janssen, MD, Jennifer S., Mc Dermott, MD, Mickael T. Update on Benign Thyroid Disorders in Women. The Female Patient. Vol. 32. January 2007. Page 49-54.
  • Jones, MC, USAF, Maj Stephen C. Subcutaneous Estrogen Replacement Therapy. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Volume 49, No. 3, March 2004. Page 139-142.
  • Kalvaitis, Katie. GH replacement improved biological effects of thyroxin. Endocrine today. January 2008. Page 41.
  • King, PhD, Steven R., and Lamb, Phd, HCLD, Dolores J. Why we lose interest in sex: Do neurosteroids play a role? Sexuality, Reproduction, & Menopause. Vol. 4, No. 1, May 2006. Page 20-26.
  • Komaroff, Anthony L. Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. Page 615-623.
  • Kratzert, MD, FACOG, Kristen J., and Anne M. Fontana, PhD. The Use of Botanicals for the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms: Weeds or Wonders? Menopause Management. May/June 2005: 9+.
  • Krebs, MD, Erin E., et al. Phytostrogens for Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review. The American Colleg of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,Vol. 104, No. 4. October 2004, Page 824.
  • Kremer, Richard; et al. Vitamin D Status and its Relationship to Body Fat, Final height, and Peak Bone Mass in Young Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. January 2009. Page 67-73.
  • Kristiansen, Cathy. Sexual Orientation Might Be Determined Before Birth. Endocrine News. March 2006. Page 14.
  • Krychman, MD, FACOG, Michael L. Female Sexual Dysfunction. The Female Patient. Vol. 32, January 2007. Page 47-48.
  • Krychman, MD, FACOG, Michael L., and Edith A. Perez, MD. Aromatase Inhibitors in Early Breast Cancer: Recent Adjuvant Trial Results. In the Management of Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications of Aromatase Inhibitors. 1.3 (Dec 2004): 2-10.
  • Kutteh MD, William H. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The Insulin Connection.
  • Lamberts, Steven W. J., Endocrinologyand Aging. Page 1287-1298.
  • Lewis, Jay. Androgen deficiency can cause sezual dysfunction. Endocrine Today. July 2006. Page 57.
  • Lobo, MD, Rogerio A., et al. Considerations in evaluating, diagnosing, and treating HSDD in postmenopausal women. Contemporary OB/GYN. April 2005 Supplement: 4-12.
  • Lobo, MD, Rogerio A., et al. Subdermal estradiol pellets following hysterectomy and oophorectomy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 138, No. 6, November 15, 1980. Page 714-719.
  • Lobo, MD, Rogerio A. The physicolgy of andregons after menopause: What constitutes androgen deficiency? Menopause and Sexuality: The Impact of Hormones. Page 3-5.
  • Low, David A., et al. Cutaneous and hemodynamic responses during hot flashes in symptomatic postmenopausal women. The Journal of The North American Menopause Society. Vol. 15, No. 2, 2008.
  • McGregor A. Migraine associated with menstruation. Funct Neurol. 2000. Suppl 3. Page 143-153.
  • McKinney, MD, Shauna L. and, Sites, MD, Cynthia K. The Metabolic Syndrome Impact on women and consideration for treatment. Menopausal Medicine. Volume 16, Number 3—August 2008. Page S1-S12.
  • Maki, PhD, Pauline M. Effects of Hormone Therapy on Cognitive Function: State of the Science Post-WHI. Menopause Management. March/April 2005: 10+.
  • Medical Education Resources, Inc. Nonoral Options in Hormone Therapy: Lotions, Rings and Other Things. OB Management. Nov. 2004 Supplement.
  • Miller, MD, Ellen Hirschman. Endocrinopathies in Women: Detection and Treatment. The Forum, Volume 5, No. 1, April 2007. Page 4-11.
  • Miller, MD, Ellen H., et al. Sleep Disorders and Women. Clinical Cornerstone Supplement. Ed. Howard A. Miller, MD and David N. Neubauer, MD. 6.1B (2004).
  • Miller, Karen, et al. Measurment of Free Testosterone in Normal Women and Women with Androgen Deficiency: Comparision of Methods. The Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(2). 2004. Page 525-533.
  • Miller, MD, Paul D., and Michael Kleerekoper, MB, BS. Diagnosing and Managing Low Bone Mass. Menopause Management. March/April 2005 Supplement.
  • Mishell, Daniel R. A Clinical Study Of Estrogenic Therapy With Pellet Implantation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 41. 1941. Page 1009-1017.
  • Mitwally, MD, Mohamed F. M.; Casper, MD, Robert F. Aromatase inhibitors, a new option for inducing ovulation. OBG Management. January 2008. Page 57-74.
  • Mitwally, MD, Mohamed F.M.; Casper, MD, Robert; and, Diamond, MD, Michael P. Clinical Uses of Aromatase Inhibitors: Beyond Breast Cancer. The Female Patient. Vol. 31. October 2006. Page 50-58.
  • Moltich, Mark E. The Cabergoline-Resistant Prolactinoma Patient: New Challenges. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, December 2008, 93(12): Page 4643-4645.
  • Mulatero, Paolo; et al. Roles of Clinical Criterian, Compounded Tomography Scan, and Adrenal Vein Sampling in Differential Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism Subtypes. Journal of Clincal Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 2008. Page 1366-1371.
  • Munir, MD, Jawad; and Birge, MD, Stanley J.. Vitamin D Deficience in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. Menopause Management. September/October 2008. Page 10-15.
  • National Women’s Health Center. Androgen Therapy. Fast Facts For Your Health.
  • National Women’s Health Center. Chronic Dry Eye: What Women Should Know. Fast Facts For Your Health.
  • National Women’s Health Resource Center, Inc. Premature and Surgical Menopause. Women’s Healthy Updates.
  • Nelson, PhD, Miriam E. Strength Training for the Midlife Woman. Menopause Management. September/October 2000. Page 17-23.
  • Neubauer, MD, David, Erman, MD, Milton K., and Zee, MD PhD, Phyllis. New Perspectives In The Diagnosis And Management Of Insomnia. Primary Psychiatry. Suppl. 2. December 2008.
  • Notelozits, MD, PhD, MB, BCh, Morris. Androggens and hormonal treatment options. Menopause and Sexuality: The Impact of Hormones. Page 16-20. August 2003.
  • Notelozitz, MD, PhD, Morris. Anndrogen effects on bone and muscle. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl, 4, April 2002. Page S 34-35
  • Notelovitz, et al. Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of 2-mg and 50-mg 17 B-Estradiol Implants in Surgically Menopausal Women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 70, No. 5, November 1987. Page 749-754.
  • Novak, Laura. Plenty of Symptoms, But Not Many Clues. The New York Times 5 June 2005.
  • Parmet, MS, Sharon. Genetics and Breast Cancer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. July 28, 2004. Vol. 292, No. 4. Page 522.
  • Payne, PhD, Sarah. Sex, Gender, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Making the Connections. Gender Medicine. 1.1 (2004): 18-24.
  • Peck, Peggy. Menopause Group Says HRT Safe for younger Women. Med Page Today. November 24, 2009.
  • Pilz, Stefan; et al. Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death in a Large Cross-Sectional Study of Patients Referred to Coronary Angiography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. October 2008. Page 3927-3935.
  • Pingitore, Alessandro; et al. Actute Effects of Triiodothyronine (T3) Replacement Therapy in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Low-T3 Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. April 2008. Page 1351-1358.
  • Polan, MD, PhD, MPH, Mary, Lake. Androgens in women: To replace or not? OBG Management. May 2007. Page 72-81.
  • Prandoni, MD, PhD, Paolo. Venous Thromboembolism Risk and management in Women with Cancer and Thrombophilia. Gender Medicine. Vol. 2, Suppl. A, 2005. Page S28-34.
  • Qiao, MD, PhD, Xiaoying; et al. Sex Steroides and Vascular Responses in Hypertension and Aging. Gender Medicine. Vol. 5, Suppl. A, 2008. Page S36-S60.
  • Quest Diagnostics. Clinical Focus, Rheumatoid Arthritis Laboratory Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis.
  • Quest Diagnostics. Test Summary, Testosterone, LC/MS/MS. 2006.
  • Quinn, Kay. Cancer drug helps older women. St. Louis Post Dispatch.
  • Radetti, Giorgio; et al. Thyroid Function and Structure Are Affected in Childhood Obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. December 2008. Page 4749.
  • Ratner, Rober E., et al. Prevention of diabetes in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes: Effects of Metformin and Lifestyle Interventions. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. December 2008. Page 4774-4779.
  • Redmond, MD, Geoffrey P. Thyroid Disease and Women’s Health. OBG Management. Oct 2001 Supplement: 3-8.
  • Rehman, FRCPI, Habib U., and Ewan A. Masson, MD, FRCP. Neuroendocrinology of Female Aging. Gender Medicine 2.1 (2005): 41-56.
  • Research Studies Support Efficacy of Biologically Identical Hormones: Part III.
  • College Pharmacy Technical Bulletin.1.8 (15 Nov. 2003).
  • Roberst, MD, Barbara, and Thompson, MD, Paul D. Is There Evidence for the Evidence-Based Guidelines of Cardiovascular disease Prevention in Women? Gender Medicine. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2006. Page 5-12.
  • Rosen, Raymond, et al. Androgen Insufficiency in Women: The Princeton Conference. Official Journal of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.77.4 (April 2002): Fertility and Sterility Supplement 4.
  • Refetoff, MD, et al. New Genetic Thyroid Defect Identified. Endocrine News. March 2007. Page 14-21.
  • Saravanan, Ponnusamy, et al. Partial Substitution of Thyroxine (T4) with Tri-Iodothyronine in Patients on T4 Replacement Therapy: Results of Large Community-based Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005. Page 805.
  • Sarrel, MD, Phillip M. Androgen deficiency: menopause and estrogen-related factors. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S63-66.
  • Savvas, M., et al. Increase on bone mass after one year of percutaneous oestradiol and testosterone implants in post-menopausal women who have previously received long-term oral oestrogens. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 99. September 1992. Page 757-760.
  • Savvas, M, et al. Skeletal effects of oral oestrogen compared with subcutaneous oestrogen and testosterone in postmenopausal women. British Medical Journal, Vol. 297, 30 July 1988. Page 331-333.
  • Science Daily, Long-term testosterone therapy does not increase risk of prostate cancer
  • Schwartz, Erika; Holtorf, Kent; and, Brownstein, David. The Truth About Hormone Therapy. Wall Street Journal. March 16, 2009. Page A17.
  • Sherwin, PhD, Barbra B. Randomized clinical trials of combined estrogen-androgen preparations: effects on sexual functioning. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S 49-53.
  • Shifren, MD, Jan L. Androged deficiency in the oophorectomized woman. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S60-62.
  • Shifren, MD, Jan L. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women: treatment options. OGB Management. March 2005. Page 15-21.
  • Simon M.D., James. Differntial Effects of Estrogen-Androgen and Estrogen-Only Therapy on Vasomotor Symptoms, Gonadotropin Secretion, and Endogenous Androgen Bioavailability in Postmenopausal Women. The Journal of the North American Menopause Society. Vol. 6 No. 2 1999.
  • Simpkin, JW, et al. Role of estrogen replacement therapy in memory enhancement and the prevention of neuronal loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease. College Pharmacy Technical Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 6, September 15, 2003.
  • Simpson, PhD, Evan R. Aromatization of androgens in women: current concepts and findings. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S6-10.
  • Sowers, MaryFran R., et al. Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Its Rate of Change in Defining Menopause Transition Stages. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. October 2008, 93(10). Page 3958-3964.
  • Specialty Pharmacy of St. Louis. Natural Bioidentical Hormone Replacement.
  • Speroff, MD, Leon. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risck of breast cancer: a contrary thought. The Journal of The North American Menopause Society. Vol. 15, No. 2, Page 393-400.
  • Speroff, MD, Leon. Using aromatase inhibitors to treat early breast cancer. Contemporary OB/GYN. February 2006. Page 60-64.
  • Stanczyk, PhD, Frank Z., et al. A randomized comparison of nonoral estradiol delivery in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obbtetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 159, No. 6, December, 1988. Page 1540-1546.
  • Staud, MD, Roland; and Spaeth, MD, Michael. Psychophysical and Neurochemical Abnormalities of Pain Processing in Fibromyalgia. Primary Psychiatry. 15:3, Suppl. 2. March 2008. Page 12-13.
  • Stefanick, PhD, Marcia L., et al. Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy. The Journal of the American Medical Association. April 12, 2006. Vol. 295, No. 14. Page 1647.
  • Steiner, et al. 3-Hydrozysteroid Dehydrogenase Type III Deficiency: A Novel mechanism of Hirsutism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 2008, 93(4): Page 1298-1303.
  • Stenchever, MD, Morton A., and Lentz, MD, Gretchen M. Sexual dysfunction: a couple issue. Contemporary OB/GYN. December 2004. Page 30-44.
  • Stillman, MD, Mark J. Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Treatment Refractory Cluster Headaches. American Headache Society. 2006. Page 925-933.
  • Studd, J., et al. Oestradiol and testosterone implants in the treatment of psychosexual problems in the post-menopausal woman. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol 84. April, 1977. Page 316-317.
  • Studd, J., et al. The relationship between plasma estradiol and the increase in bone density in postmenopausal women after treatment with subcutaneous hormone implants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 163, No. 5, Part 1, November 1990. Page 1474-1479.
  • Sullivan, Michele G. HT may Benefit Post Menopausal Cognition, Memory. Ob. Gyn. News. August 15, 2008. Page 1, 6.
  • Szelke, MD, Emese, et al. Effects of estrogen and progestin on the CO2 sensitivity of hemispheric cerebral blood volume. The Journal of the North American Menopause Society. Vol. 15, No. 2. Page 346-351.
  • The Clinical Advisor. Thyrotropin linked to fatal CHD risks in women. July 2008.
  • The Endocrine Society. Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Endocrine Glands, Pituitary Gland. 23 March, 2004.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Hormones & You, Graves’ Disease. 2007.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Hormones & You, Prediabetes. January 2007.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Patient’s Guide to the Evaluation and Treatment of Hirsutism in Premenopausal Women. April 2008.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Patient’s Guide to Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults. May 2006.
  • The Hormone Foundation. Patients Guide to Low Testosterone. Ed. Glenn R. Cunningham, MD, Alvin M. Matsumoto, MD, and Ronald Swerdloff, MD. August 2003.
  • The Physiology and pathology of the Femal Reproductive Axis. Management of The Menopause. Page 644.
  • Thom, et al. Hormonal Profiles in Postmenopausal Women After Therapy With Subcutaneous Implants. British Journal of Obsterics and Gynaecology. Vol. 88. April 1981. Page 426- 433.
  • Thompson, Margaret M., MD. Women’s attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge about the vagina. Sexuality Reproduction & Menopause. Vol. 4, No. 2, October 2006.
  • Thomson American Health Consultants. Menopause and Sexuality: The Impact of Hormones. Contemporary OB/GYN. Aug 2003 Supplement.
  • Traish, PhD, Abdulmaged M., et al. Role of androgens in female genital sexual arousal: receptor expression, structure, and function. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 77, No. 4, Suppl. 4, April 2002. Page S11-32.
  • Tutera, MD, Gino. Hope for HRT. Healthy Aging. Sept/Oct 2005: 102+.
  • Tutera, MD, Gino. You Don’t Have to Live With It!. Palm Desert, CA: SottoPelle, 2003.
  • Utian, MD PhD, Wulf H. Problems with Desire and Arousal in Surgically Menopausal Women: Advances in Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment. Menopause Management. Page 10-22.
  • Vedlhuis, Johannes D., et al. “Contributions of Gender and Systemic Estradiol and Testosterone Concentrations to Maximum Secretagogue Drive of Burst-Like Growth Hormone Secretion in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 89 (2004): 6291-6296.
  • Vigersky, Robert A., et al. Thyrotropin Suppression by Metformin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. Page 225-227.
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